The NACA Technical Reports Server, circa 1999. From NASA/TM-1999-209127.
This has been superseded by the NASA Technical Reports Server ntrs.nasa.gov.
Dust off your Netscape Navigator browser 1 and research like it's 1999!
Or, experience the archived version for December, 1998, at web.archive.org.
Hmm, it appears that Netscape Navigator has not been supported since 2008. Oh well, just use firefox then. ↩
While icing weather is a serious topic for aircraft, several sources have used [debatably] humorous, instructive illustrations of the hazards.
See also The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: AC 00-6A (Cancelled)
See also University of Michigan Airplane Icing Information Course, 1953.
![Chapter 9 Aircraft Icing.
A pilot sitting in or on a small cartoon airplane pushes up against
the lid of a box of ice around the airplane.
The caption reads:
"Aircraft accidents generally occur after a series of events place a pilot in a
box from which be [he?] cannot escape. Icing is one of the events that can close
the box, making an accident inevitable. Your knowledge of icing and how it
affects your aircraft may prevent the last side of the box from closing."](images%2FAir%20Command%20Weather%20Manual%2FChapter%209%20AIrcraft%20Icing.png)
Anon.: Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel. AC 00-6A (Cancelled), FAA, issued April, 1975, cancelled 2016. faa.gov ↩
Loughborough, D. L.:"Mechanical De-Icing Systems", (B. F. Goodrich Company), Lecture No. 10, University of Michigan Airplane Icing Information Course, 1953. ↩
Anon., Air Command Weather Manual (Canada), CFACM 2-70, May 22, 2001. ↩
Von Hardenberg, Paul: Introduction to Aircraft Icing and NASA’s Approach to Understanding It. March …
From https://chat.openai.com/ ChatGPT August 3 Version (2023).
The image was generated with DALL-E 2 with the prompt "An airplane from 1946 flying with engine exhaust heat ice protection". I have no idea what the orange thing (ribbon and bow?) is on the wing.
I also tried letting ChatGPT write a blog post.
Prompt: "Write a blog post about the use of engine exhaust heat for aircraft ice protection during the era of the National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics, including citations"
Response:
read moreThe National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics (NACA) was a organization in the United States that existed from 1915 to 1958. During its existence, NACA carried out research on various aspects of aerodynamics, including the use of engine exhaust heat for aircraft ice protection.
One of the early NACA reports on this topic, "Investigation of the …
The state of the art in 1969 of aircraft icing is documented in 16 presentations.
read moreThe subject of aircraft ice protection has provoked much controversy and discourse among theorists, designers, laboratory and test engineers, and flight operations people. In view of this diversity of opinion and variety of approach, some difficulty has been experienced in applying current standards and in maintaining uniformity in the substantiation of aircraft ice protection. This symposium recognized the need to exchange ideas and it provided a general review of icing criteria, ice protection standards, methods of compliance, and service experience. It also served as a general refresher for Federal Aviation Administration personnel involved in the evaluation of aircraft ice protection. Technical papers were presented by government research and test …
Glaze ice shape correlations for two commercial aircraft airfoils are developed.
I briefly worked with Ramon Wilder (circa 1991?), but I did not ask him about this particular publication. I (a much junior engineer) asked him off-handedly about a certain heat conduction equation. He said "I'll get back to you." The next day he came in with an elegant, hand-written, 10 page proof, and said "That was a little tough. It took me three hours last night!" That was the kind of engineer …
read morefrom Queen, "Don't Stop Me Now".
Standard weights and other measurements in use. 1
The unit system used herein is detailed.
mass: kg
force: N
length: m
tk: temperature, K
time: seconds, s
p: air static pressure, Pa (N/m^2)
u: free-stream air speed, m/s
altitude: pressure altitude, m
energy: J or N-m
d_drop: water drop diameter, micrometer (1e-6 m)
lwc: liquid water content, g/m^3
The units in the NACA publications vaguely follow "US Customary" units, although there are often exceptions:
mass: g, kg, lbm, slug
force: N, lbf
length: micron, inch, foot, mile, nautical mile
temperature: F, R
time: s, hour
air static pressure, lbf/in …"Aircraft icing is one of the major weather hazards to aviation. Icing is a cumulative hazard. It reduces aircraft efficiency by increasing weight, reducing lift, decreasing thrust, and increasing drag." 1
Prior information from the FAA on "Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel".
Veteran pilots with FIKI ratings (Flight In Known Icing) may already be familiar with this, but the rest of us could benefit from reading it.
Alas, this was cancelled in 2016 (the next version calcelled in 2022 2, and the superseding version 3 is more current, but not as entertaining a read). It also features "instructive illustrations" to introduce each chapter, which are somewhere on the corney-questionable-objectionable spectrum.
The potential hazards of structural icing are noted:
I am not so sure about the "Stalling Speed Increases" part. The speed at which the airplane may stall at may decrease due to the effects of …
read more
Four Instructive Illustrations.
Diversions can take us into the post-NACA era of aircraft icing, with perhaps more freewheeling reviews.
Candidates (not yet reviewed):